Thought and Belief 思想与信仰
佛教四大菩萨Four Great Bodhisattvas 文殊、普贤、观音、地藏 · 四种精神品质的人格化象征 Manjushri, Samantabhadra, Guanyin, Ksitigarbha · Four Cardinal Virtues Personified English A bodhisattva — from Sanskrit bodhi (awakening) + sattva (being) — is one who has achieved or is close to achieving full enlightenment but…
四大哲学传统：中华、希腊、印度、伊斯兰 English The great philosophical traditions of the world are not primarily answer-machines — they are question-refiners. What distinguishes Chinese Confucian-Daoist philosophy, ancient Greek philosophy, Indian philosophy, and Islamic philosophy from each other is less the specific conclusions they reach…
四种死亡观：华夏祖先祭祀、古埃及来世、佛教轮回、基督教复活 English Death is humanity’s only certain destiny and one of its most enduring philosophical challenges. How a civilization answers the question “what is death?” profoundly shapes its understanding of life’s meaning, its treatment of the dead, and its relationship…
道家四大：道、天、地、人 English Chapter twenty-five of the Tao Te Ching contains what may be the most economical cosmological statement in any philosophical tradition. In the original classical Chinese, it requires just over thirty characters; in any translation, it needs more words…
佛教：苦难的诊断与超越之路 English The story begins with four encounters. A young prince named Siddhartha Gautama (c. 563-483 BCE), raised in sheltered luxury in the Shakya republic (in present-day southern Nepal), sees outside his palace walls: an old man, a sick man,…
基督教：起源、分化与文明塑造Christianity: Origins, Divisions, and Civilizational Impact English Christianity began in first-century Palestine with the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, and spread from that single point across two millennia to become one of the world’s largest religious traditions. Broad…
伊斯兰教：文化与历史导论 English Islam was founded in seventh-century Arabia through the prophethood of Muhammad, and spread within a century of its founding across the Middle East, North Africa, Persia, and into Central Asia and the Iberian Peninsula. Today it is practiced…
印度教：世界上最古老的现存宗教之一 English Hinduism is the world’s oldest living religion — its roots in the Vedic tradition date to approximately 1500 BCE or earlier — and among the most philosophically complex. Unlike Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism, it has no single founder,…
佛家四谛：苦、集、灭、道 English The Four Noble Truths are the first teaching the Buddha gave after his enlightenment, delivered in a deer park at Sarnath, near Varanasi, to five companions who had known him before. They are not the whole of Buddhist…
四次思想启蒙：轴心时代、文艺复兴、启蒙运动、数字时代 English Across human history, there have been moments when established frameworks for understanding the world were subjected to radical questioning, and new frameworks emerged. These are episodes of civilizational self-revision, when humanity collectively reconsidered the foundations of knowledge, ethics,…