Chinese Cultural Heritage, 中华四象
四时·八节·二十四节气 English The Twenty-Four Solar Terms — ershisi jieqi — is one of the most refined systems for reading the rhythms of the natural world ever developed by any civilization. Inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list in 2016,…
儒家四书：大学、中庸、论语、孟子 English The Four Books of the Confucian tradition — The Great Learning (Daxue), The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong), The Analects (Lunyu), and The Book of Mencius (Mengzi) — were systematized as a curriculum by the philosopher Zhu Xi…
四大名桥：赵州桥、卢沟桥、广济桥、洛阳桥 English The bridge is among the most philosophically loaded of all human constructions. It transforms a barrier into a passage, makes the impossible crossing possible, and connects what geography has separated. In virtually every culture, “bridge” functions simultaneously as…
《西游记》——路、妖与心 English Journey to the West is the strangest of the Four Great Novels and, in certain respects, the most philosophically ambitious. On the surface, it is an adventure story: a Buddhist monk, Xuanzang, travels from Tang dynasty China to…
《水浒传》——义、忠、江湖 English Water Margin is the most politically uncomfortable of the Four Great Novels — the one that authorities across different dynasties have most frequently tried to suppress, edit, or redirect. Its subject is a group of people whom the…
玄武——北方守护者 English The Black Tortoise — Xuanwu, sometimes translated as the Dark Warrior — is the most philosophically layered of the four divine beasts. It governs the north, the season of winter, and the element Water. Unlike the other three,…
朱雀——南方守护者 English The Vermilion Bird — Zhuque — is the guardian of the south and the season of summer, associated with the element Fire and with a cluster of qualities that includes beauty, cultural refinement, warmth, and the vivid abundance…
白虎——西方守护者 English If the Azure Dragon represents the energy of spring — new growth, expansion, the sun rising in the east — then the White Tiger represents its complement and counterpart: the power of autumn, of contraction, of forces that…
青龙——东方守护者 English The Four Divine Beasts — Azure Dragon, White Tiger, Vermilion Bird, Black Tortoise — are among the most ancient and enduring symbols in Chinese culture. They appear in texts and artifacts dating to at least the Han dynasty,…
《红楼梦》——繁华与幻灭 English Dream of the Red Chamber is the novel that readers of Chinese literature tend to save for last — not because it is the most difficult, but because it asks the most of the person reading it. It…
文房四宝：笔、墨、纸、砚 English Brush, ink, paper, inkstone. At the level of function, these are simply the instruments of writing. What is notable is what Chinese literati culture made of them across more than a thousand years: objects of connoisseurship, aesthetic discrimination,…
《三国演义》——乱世、忠义与谋略的重量 English Romance of the Three Kingdoms begins with one of the most famous opening lines in Chinese literature: “The empire, long divided, must unite; long united, must divide. Thus it has ever been.” In these words, Luo Guanzhong announces…
中国四大名楼 Four Great Towers English The four great towers of classical Chinese culture — Yellow Crane Tower in Wuhan, Yueyang Tower on Dongting Lake, Prince Teng Pavilion in Nanchang, and Stork Tower by the Yellow River — are not celebrated…
中国四大书院：岳麓、白鹿洞、嵩阳、应天 English Between the 10th and 12th centuries, a distinctive form of educational institution matured in China: the shuyuan, often translated as “academy.” Unlike official schools or examination cramming centers, the shuyuan was typically founded by private scholars or funded…
梅兰竹菊-花中四君子 The Four Noble Plants English For more than a thousand years, Chinese poets, painters, and calligraphers returned to four plants above all others: the plum blossom, the orchid, the bamboo, and the chrysanthemum. They are called the Four Gentlemen…