History and Institutions, 历史与典制
四大刺客Four Great Assassins of Ancient China 专诸、要离、聂政、荆轲 · 以一人之死撼动天下，义与暴力的边界 Zhuan Zhu, Yao Li, Nie Zheng, Jing Ke · One Life That Shook the World, the Boundary Between Righteousness and Violence English The four figures in this article — Zhuan Zhu,…
四次工业革命Four Industrial Revolutions 从蒸汽到人工智能 · 技术与人类关系的四次重构 From Steam to AI · Four Reconfigurations of the Human-Technology Relationship English “The Industrial Revolution” is a phrase that implies singularity — a single event, a single turning point, a single story. But industrial…
四大航海家Four Great Navigators 郑和、哥伦布、达伽马、麦哲伦 · 四次改变世界的航行，两种海洋观 Zheng He, Columbus, da Gama, Magellan · Four Voyages That Changed the World, Two Visions of the Sea English The fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries marked a pivotal era of global maritime exploration, during…
亚洲四小龙：韩国、新加坡、中国香港、中国台湾 English Between the 1960s and the 1990s, Four Asian Tigers — An Economic Miracle and Its Lessons (Republic of Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong SAR of China, Taiwan Region of China) — achieved rates of economic growth that transformed them…
中国四大古都：西安、洛阳、南京、北京 English The choice of a capital city is never purely administrative. It is a declaration about where power comes from, what the civilization identifies as its center, and where its strategic priorities lie. When a dynasty moves its capital,…
四大法律传统：罗马大陆法、英美普通法、伊斯兰法、中国传统法 English Global legal civilization has gradually formed several stable and influential traditional systems in the course of historical evolution. In mainstream general legal cognition, four representative legal traditions are widely recognized and cited worldwide: the Roman civil law tradition,…
四位古代女性领袖Four Great Women Leaders 哈特谢普苏特、克利奥帕特拉、武则天、叶卡捷琳娜大帝 · 跨越文明的权力叙事 Hatshepsut, Cleopatra, Wu Zetian, Catherine the Great · Power and Gender Across Civilizations English Writing about exceptional women leaders carries a persistent trap: framing their achievement as surprising, as something that happened despite…